Using dredged sediments to support wetland plant development in a constructed delta lake

Restoration efforts take place at large scales to improve the ecological value of degraded, modified river deltas. To anticipate on the implications of using dredged, estuarine sediment to restore wetlands in river deltas, we studied the development of Typha latifolia (cattail) and Phragmites australis (common reed) on two designated dredged sediments, virgin Holocene clay (clay) and eroded clay (mud), under different water levels (inundated, saturated, and moist) in a mesocosm experiment. The mud sediment contained about two times higher Fe, S, and P content and four times higher N-total content compared to clay sediment. The organic content was comparable for both sediments. Sediment type influenced germination and shoot growth of T. latifolia, which were both higher on clay compared to mud, but did not influence germination and initial growth of P. australis. Water level treatment effects on plant response were limited to inundation conditions only; this condition strongly reduced P. australis seedling and shoot development. Both species developed significantly more above- and belowground biomass when growing in mud compared to clay, however, their nutrient content was comparable on both sediment types. Overall, T. latifolia development was more strongly influenced by sediment composition compared to P. australis, but the latter species is more vulnerable to higher water levels during early stages of development. We conclude that both dredged sediment types are suitable as sediment for developing macrophyte vegetation.