Turning FOP nutrition labels into action: A systematic review of label+ interventions

The effectiveness of nutrition labels in modifying dietary choices remains limited. Information provision alone is a necessary yet insufficient condition for behavior change to occur. Individuals need to (1) turn information into knowledge and (2) turn knowledge into behavior. This article provides a theoretical framework that suggests that complementary interventions may be needed to target barriers that prevent individuals from processing and acting upon FOP nutrition labels. Evidence about which interventions can support nutrition labels for behavioral change is scattered. This article addresses this research gap through a systematic review of multicomponent nutrition label interventions (label+ interventions) and their effects on the actual healthfulness of dietary choices. From the 3519 records identified, 85 label+ interventions were included. The findings provide limited evidence for the effectiveness of supporting nutrition labels with educational material or reference information. The evidence for supporting nutrition labels with interactive digital interventions, such as basket feedback, or financial incentives is promising. Overall, the findings indicate that more intrusive interventions are required to give cause to act on nutrition labels. Implications and future research avenues for the various label+ categories are discussed. Trial registration: PROSPERO systematic review registration number: CRD42020183141.