TY - JOUR
T1 - Tracking the source of microplastics in soil—an exploratory case study in peach orchards from east-central Portugal
AU - Veloso, Abel
AU - Silva, Vera
AU - Huerta Lwanga, Esperanza
AU - Beriot, Nicolas
AU - do Carmo Horta, Maria
AU - Simões, Maria Paula
AU - Geissen, Violette
PY - 2025/6
Y1 - 2025/6
N2 - In the last 20 years, world plastic production has increased rapidly, reaching 4.00 × 1011 kg in 2022. However, less than 10% was recycled. Moreover, most conventional plastics are persistent and, therefore, remain in the environment long after their release. Although most studies on microplastic contamination focus on a single environmental compartment, an integrated and multicompartment approach is highly recommended considering the multitude of interactions between those compartments. This study addresses this knowledge gap, investigating the presence and potential sources of microplastics (MP) in agricultural soils under typical conditions of the Mediterranean region, characterised by dry summers and relatively moist and mild winters (Csa according to the Köppen-Geiger classification). For this, 19 orchards from east-central Portugal were used as case study sites, and a total of 111 samples were analysed. Soil content in MP was assessed in 3 soil layers (0–5, 5–15 and 15–25 cm). To quantify potential sources to soil, information from farmers was used, and samples from irrigation water, atmospheric deposition and manure were analysed. Optical assessment with the assistance of a stereomicroscope was used for MP quantification. The 0–5 cm soil layer showed a lower content (average of 2.2 particles·g−1) and higher particle sizes (average of 168 µm) than deeper soil layers. The identified sources contributed with 1.02 × 105 particles·m−2·year−1. Irrigation water was the main source, representing 55.9% of the aforementioned input rate encountered for the 3 identified MP sources. Additional knowledge is needed regarding the possible variation in MP content throughout the year and between years and the polymer identification, not only in samples collected from soil but also from its main contamination sources. Furthermore, this study should be extended to other crops and regions as part of broader soil health monitoring.
AB - In the last 20 years, world plastic production has increased rapidly, reaching 4.00 × 1011 kg in 2022. However, less than 10% was recycled. Moreover, most conventional plastics are persistent and, therefore, remain in the environment long after their release. Although most studies on microplastic contamination focus on a single environmental compartment, an integrated and multicompartment approach is highly recommended considering the multitude of interactions between those compartments. This study addresses this knowledge gap, investigating the presence and potential sources of microplastics (MP) in agricultural soils under typical conditions of the Mediterranean region, characterised by dry summers and relatively moist and mild winters (Csa according to the Köppen-Geiger classification). For this, 19 orchards from east-central Portugal were used as case study sites, and a total of 111 samples were analysed. Soil content in MP was assessed in 3 soil layers (0–5, 5–15 and 15–25 cm). To quantify potential sources to soil, information from farmers was used, and samples from irrigation water, atmospheric deposition and manure were analysed. Optical assessment with the assistance of a stereomicroscope was used for MP quantification. The 0–5 cm soil layer showed a lower content (average of 2.2 particles·g−1) and higher particle sizes (average of 168 µm) than deeper soil layers. The identified sources contributed with 1.02 × 105 particles·m−2·year−1. Irrigation water was the main source, representing 55.9% of the aforementioned input rate encountered for the 3 identified MP sources. Additional knowledge is needed regarding the possible variation in MP content throughout the year and between years and the polymer identification, not only in samples collected from soil but also from its main contamination sources. Furthermore, this study should be extended to other crops and regions as part of broader soil health monitoring.
KW - Agricultural soil
KW - Atmospheric deposition
KW - Irrigation water
KW - Manure
KW - Microplastic sources
KW - Permanent crops
U2 - 10.1007/s10661-025-14072-9
DO - 10.1007/s10661-025-14072-9
M3 - Article
C2 - 40347301
AN - SCOPUS:105004658875
SN - 0167-6369
VL - 197
JO - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
JF - Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
IS - 6
M1 - 645
ER -