The use of dynamic models for the derivation of critical loads for nitrogen - developments since Lökeberg

A range of different soil acidification models have been developed to address the dynamics of terrestrial nitrogen. One of the major problems with respect to critical load calculations and mapping in particular is that parametrization is limited by data availability and this is manifest in problems of spatial integration. This paper reviews the current status of the application of coupled nitrogen-sulphur dynamic models and the determination of critical loads, since the Lökeberg Workshop. Proposed developments of the different modelling groups throughout Europe are also highlighted.