The oxidative esterification of glycerol to methyl glycerate in methanol using gold on oxidic supports: an insight in product selectivity

Gold nanoparticles on different oxidic supports (TiO2, Al2O3 and ZnO) have been studied for the oxidation of glycerol in methanol, using molecular oxygen as the oxidizing agent in a batch set-up. The main oxidation products are methyl glycerate and dimethyl mesoxalate in over 95% selectivity at high glycerol conversion, indicating that C–C bond scission occurs at a significantly lower extent compared to glycerol oxidations in water. The product selectivity is a function of the support. Highest selectivity (82% at 72% conversion) to methyl glycerate is observed in the case of Au/TiO2 as the catalyst. The use of a base is not essential for the glycerol oxidation reaction to occur, although for TiO2 and Al2O3 higher initial activities are found in the presence of sodium methoxide. Au/ZnO gives comparable activity and selectivity both in the presence and absence of a base. Oxidation experiments with reaction intermediates indicate that oxidation of methyl glycerate to higher oxygenates does not occur to a significant extent in methanol. An alternative pathway for the formation of dimethyl mesoxalate involving dihydroxyacetone is proposed.