The impact of European landscape transitions on the provision of landscape services: an explorative study using six cases of rural land change

The reasons for recent landscape change in the European countryside are complex and poorly substantiated. Identification of drivers of landscape
transition and assessment of the effects on the provision of landscape services are subject of recent debate. Objectives Aims of the paper are to explore what
implications rural landscape transitions (as identified by land use and land cover changes) have for the provision of landscape services, and whether these
changes can be related to specific drivers of change. Methods The paper records gross landscape change on the basis of land use and land cover changes in six case study areas in five countries, and assesses the impacts on the provision of landscape services in the past 25 years. Results In the past decades the observed land use and land cover changes in the case studies are relatively small, with a dominance of urbanisation and afforestation processes. However, the impacts of these changes are clearly reflected in a change in landscape services. Conclusions Although the landscape transitions do affect the services, spatial data alone is insufficient to assess cause-effect relationships of landscape transitions, landscape structure and pattern. Circumstantial evidence points to substantial effects of EU and national policies on landscape services through landscape transition. These—often unintentional—effects can substantially affect biodiversity, cultural identity and landscape character. More research is needed on the exact cause-effect relationships between policies and landscape service provision.