The Cytotoxic Activities of Xylocarpus granatum A Coastal Mangrove Plant from East Indonesia Extract Against MCF-7 and HEK293 Cell Lines

Historically, Southeast Asian coastal communities have used Xylocarpus granatum (XC) to treat malaria, diarrhea, cholera, fever, and cancer. It is crucial to develop bioactive substances and highly effective cytotoxic agents that cause minimal side effects so that new anticancer plant therapies can be developed. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the major and minor bioactive compounds in XC leaves ethanol extracts from the Ambon Region, East Indonesia, as well as the possible cytotoxic effects of the extract. The cells used in this study are HEK293 human kidney cells and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The GC-MS analysis of XC leaves ethanol extract was conducted to identify the bioactive compounds. The Prestoblue assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of XC leaves ethanol extract against MCF-7 and HEK293 cell lines. XC leaves ethanol extract exhibited IC50 values of 3.90 µg/mL and 360.10 µg/mL in MCF-7 and HEK293 cells, respectively. An analysis of the GC-MS data revealed that the main compound was thiazole, followed by fumaric acid as the minor compound. An ethanol extract of leaves XC demonstrated positive morphological changes in MCF-7 cancer cells following 24 h exposure. In normal HEK293 cells, the number of cells did not decrease. In conclusion, the leaves of XC ethanol extract induce preapoptotic cell death, and have anticancer properties, but do not interact with normal cells. New anticancer plant therapies may be developed using XC bioactive compounds.