TY - JOUR
T1 - The bioaccumulation testing strategy for nanomaterials
T2 - Correlations with particle properties and a meta-analysis of: In vitro fish alternatives to in vivo fish tests
AU - Handy, R.D.
AU - Clark, N.J.
AU - Boyle, D.
AU - Vassallo, J.
AU - Green, C.
AU - Nasser, F.
AU - Botha, T.L.
AU - Wepener, V.
AU - Van Den Brink, N.W.
AU - Svendsen, C.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by grants from Defra UK awarded to RDH (project number 27891; also Project to support a scoping review on the bioaccumulation of nanomaterials), and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme: the Nanoharmony project under grant agreement No. 885931. Data on the bioaccumulation of Cu for CuO NPs was collected by DB during the EU FP7 Sustainable Nanotechnologies Project (SUN) grant, contract number 604305. Data on the Ag materials for fish were collected by NC during the H2020 NanoFase project, grant agreement 646002. All the above projects with RDH as the Principal Investigator at the University of Plymouth.
Publisher Copyright:
© The Royal Society of Chemistry.
PY - 2022/2
Y1 - 2022/2
N2 - For manufactured nanomaterials (MNs), given the breadth of forms produced, it is not ethical or practical to test all materials using vertebrates. This study aimed to show how alternative methods could predict the in vivo bioaccumulation potential of MNs in fish. This included exploring the physico-chemical properties of MNs as predictors of bioaccumulation, using the ex vivo gut sac technique to measure total metal uptake, and an in chemico digestibility assay to simulate the bioaccessible metal in the gut lumen of fish. An apparent plateau in net metal accumulation by rainbow trout was evident from data on dietary exposures to CuO nanoparticles (NPs), Ag NPs or Ag2S NPs in vivo. From the metal concentrations in the tissues compared to the diet, it was possible to derive nano biomagnification factors (nBMFs). The nBMF for the liver showed the best correlations with the physico-chemical parameters, with a significant correlation to the particle dissolution rate (Spearman's correlation, p < 0.01). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the total metal released in the stomach compartment of the digestibility assay and the total metal concentration in the liver of trout in vivo (Pearson's correlation coefficient, p = 0.02), suggesting the in chemico digestibility assay can predict bioaccumulation potential. The ex vivo gut sac technique also gave good correlations to in vivo results, with r2 values between 0.8-0.9. In conclusion, the meta-analyses supports the development of an integrated and tiered approach to bioaccumulation testing that considers the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement) and minimises the use of the fish bioaccumulation test (OECD TG 305), for nanomaterials. This journal is
AB - For manufactured nanomaterials (MNs), given the breadth of forms produced, it is not ethical or practical to test all materials using vertebrates. This study aimed to show how alternative methods could predict the in vivo bioaccumulation potential of MNs in fish. This included exploring the physico-chemical properties of MNs as predictors of bioaccumulation, using the ex vivo gut sac technique to measure total metal uptake, and an in chemico digestibility assay to simulate the bioaccessible metal in the gut lumen of fish. An apparent plateau in net metal accumulation by rainbow trout was evident from data on dietary exposures to CuO nanoparticles (NPs), Ag NPs or Ag2S NPs in vivo. From the metal concentrations in the tissues compared to the diet, it was possible to derive nano biomagnification factors (nBMFs). The nBMF for the liver showed the best correlations with the physico-chemical parameters, with a significant correlation to the particle dissolution rate (Spearman's correlation, p < 0.01). Moreover, there was a significant relationship between the total metal released in the stomach compartment of the digestibility assay and the total metal concentration in the liver of trout in vivo (Pearson's correlation coefficient, p = 0.02), suggesting the in chemico digestibility assay can predict bioaccumulation potential. The ex vivo gut sac technique also gave good correlations to in vivo results, with r2 values between 0.8-0.9. In conclusion, the meta-analyses supports the development of an integrated and tiered approach to bioaccumulation testing that considers the 3Rs (replacement, reduction, refinement) and minimises the use of the fish bioaccumulation test (OECD TG 305), for nanomaterials. This journal is
U2 - 10.1039/d1en00694k
DO - 10.1039/d1en00694k
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85125065351
VL - 9
SP - 684
EP - 701
JO - Environmental Science: Nano
JF - Environmental Science: Nano
SN - 2051-8161
IS - 2
ER -