State of the art review on climate change impacts on natural ecosystems and adaptation

Climate change has become unavoidable and the Netherlands has started to adapt the water systems and coastal defense to reduce vulnerability to the effects of climate change. These strategies to make the Netherlands climate-proof will also have its impact on nature and ecosystem functioning, in addition to the direct impacts of climate change. This report provides a state-of-the-art review of national and international research with respect to climate change impacts and adaptation, relevant to natural ecosystems in the Netherlands. This review is intended to serve as a reference of current available knowledge and will assist in programming new research required for climate-proofing the Netherlands