@book{844fe8e7a7be4a0fbfb0510adb2d113e,
title = "Prediction of the long term accumulation and leaching of copper in Dutch agricultural soils: a risk assessment study",
abstract = "This report describes a model study to assess whether current copper inputs on agricultural land lead to accumulation of copper and in time to an exceedance of a Predicted No Effect Concentration. A copper mass balance model was applied to the whole Netherlands. Future copper concentrations after 100 years and at steady were calculated based on geo referenced data on copper inputs and calculated uptake and leaching. The PNEC used in this study is based on ecotoxicological criteria (HC5) and accounts for differences in bio-availability between soils. Model predictions show that copper accumulation takes place in 97% of agricultural; land. At present and after 100 years predicted concentrations are below the PNEC. At steady state the PNEC is exceeded for 18% of the area. The rate of copper accumulation is slow, the time to reach the PNEC is on average 801 years for grass land and 1656 years for arable lan",
keywords = "landbouwgronden, koper, uitspoelen, risicoschatting, zware metalen, modellen, nederland, agro-ecosystemen, agricultural soils, copper, leaching, risk assessment, heavy metals, models, netherlands, agroecosystems",
author = "J.E. Groenenberg and P.F.A.M. R{\"o}mkens and {de Vries}, W.",
year = "2006",
language = "English",
series = "Alterra-report",
publisher = "Alterra",
number = "1278",
address = "Netherlands",
}