Over-shading is critical for inducing a regime shift from heathland to grassland under nitrogen enrichment

G.A.K. van Voorn*, B.W. Kooi, A.K. Bregt

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review

9 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

The mass conversion of heathland to grassland in north-western Europe the past decades is a typical example of how tipping points threaten the biodiversity and ecosystem services delivered by biota. Different explanations have been provided for this conversion, with nitrogen enrichment resulting from anthropogenic activities being a commonly supported hypothesis. Here we present a mathematical model to investigate the conditions under which the conversion of heathland to grassland can occur. The model describes indirect competition for light and nitrogen between heather dwarf shrub (Calluna vulgaris) and wavy hair-grass (Deschampsia flexuosa), while both species also over-shade each other. Nutrient co-limitation in the model is described using the Synthesizing Unit concept. Over-shading is found to play a pivotal role in the existence of alternative stable states in the model. Under constant light availability a combination of over-shading and enrichment with ammonia leads to a regime shift from heathland to grassland, while under enrichment with ammonia alone there is coexistence between the two species. These results are supported by experimental findings in the literature.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)74-83
JournalEcological Complexity
Volume27
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2016

Keywords

  • Competition model
  • Heathland conversion
  • Nitrogen enrichment
  • Regime shift
  • Synthesizing Unit

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