Nutritional requirements of the immune response in dairy cattle: A literature study into trade-offs in the transition period and early lactation

The present desk study aimed to investigate to which extent extra energy and protein are required for the immune response in dairy cattle, especially in early lactation. The immune system requires a relatively large amount of energy during immune activation, as well as specific amino acids. To support protein requirements, muscle protein is mobilized. Further research is required to determine the actual nutritional requirements of an immune response and the potential nutritional supplements that may be of relevance to support dairy cows, especially during early lactation.