Multimodal Data Indicators for Cognitive, Motivational, and Emotional Learning Processes

This systematic review of research on data modalities synthesises the research findings in terms of how to optimally use and combine such modalities when investigating various aspects of cognitive, motivational, and emotional learning processes. In total, 207 relevant publications were identified by considering specific keywords and inclusion criteria for research on data modalities. Our results plea for the increased use of objective measures, highlight the need for triangulation of objective and subjective data, and demand for more research on combining various aspects of learning. Further, rather than researching cognitive, motivational, and emotional aspects of learning separately, we encourage scholars to tap into multiple learning processes with multi-modal data to derive a more comprehensive view on the phenomenon of learning.