Extracting the GEMs: Genotype, Environment, and Microbiome Interactions Shaping Host Phenotypes

Ben O. Oyserman*, Viviane Cordovez, Stalin Sarango Flores, Marcio F.A. Leite, Harm Nijveen, Marnix H. Medema, Jos M. Raaijmakers*

*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review

26 Citations (Scopus)

Abstract

One of the fundamental tenets of biology is that the phenotype of an organism (Y) is determined by its genotype (G), the environment (E), and their interaction (GE). Quantitative phenotypes can then be modeled as Y = G + E + GE + e, where e is the biological variance. This simple and tractable model has long served as the basis for studies investigating the heritability of traits and decomposing the variability in fitness. The importance and contribution of microbe interactions to a given host phenotype is largely unclear, nor how this relates to the traditional GE model. Here we address this fundamental question and propose an expansion of the original model, referred to as GEM, which explicitly incorporates the contribution of the microbiome (M) to the host phenotype, while maintaining the simplicity and tractability of the original GE model. We show that by keeping host, environment, and microbiome as separate but interacting variables, the GEM model can capture the nuanced ecological interactions between these variables. Finally, we demonstrate with an in vitro experiment how the GEM model can be used to statistically disentangle the relative contributions of each component on specific host phenotypes.

Original languageEnglish
Article number574053
JournalFrontiers in Microbiology
Volume11
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 12 Jan 2021

Keywords

  • GEM
  • microbial ecology
  • microbiome
  • microbiome associated phenotype
  • microbiome engineering
  • plant–microbe interactions

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