Differences in maternal diet fiber content influence patterns of gene expression and chromatin accessibility in fetuses and piglets

This study investigates the impact of maternal gestation diets with varying fiber contents on gene expression and chromatin accessibility in fetuses and piglets fed a low fiber diet post weaning. High-fiber maternal diets, enriched with sugar beet pulp or pea internal fiber, were compared to a low-fiber maternal diet to evaluate their effects on liver and muscle tissues. The findings demonstrate that maternal high-fiber diets significantly alter chromatin accessibility, predicted transcription factor activity and transcriptional landscape in both fetuses and piglets. A gene set enrichment analysis revealed over-expression of gene ontology terms related to metabolic processes and under-expression of those linked to immune responses in piglets from sows given the high-fiber diets during gestation. This suggests better metabolic health and immune tolerance of the fetus and offspring, in line with the documented epigenetic effects of short chain fatty acids on immune and metabolic pathways. A deconvolution analysis of the bulk RNA-seq data was performed using cell-type specific markers from a single cell transcriptome atlas of adult pigs. These results confirmed that the transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility data do not reflect different cell type compositions between maternal diet groups but rather phenotypic changes triggered by maternal nutrition in shaping the epigenetic and transcriptional environment of fetus and offspring. Our findings have implications for improving animal health and productivity as well as broader implications for human health, suggesting that optimizing maternal diet with high-fiber content could enhance metabolic health and immune function in the formative years after birth and potentially to adulthood.