TY - JOUR
T1 - Dietary intake and risk assessment of elements for 1- and 2-year-old children in the Netherlands
AU - Boon, P.E.
AU - Pustjens, A.M.
AU - te Biesebeek, J.D.
AU - Brust, G.M.H.
AU - Castenmiller, J.J.M.
PY - 2022/3
Y1 - 2022/3
N2 - In 2017, a total diet study (TDS) was conducted in the Netherlands to determine the intake of elements by 1- and 2-year-old children. Concentrations of 47 elements were analysed and long-term dietary intake was calculated for 24 elements. The 95th percentile (P95) intake estimates were compared with a tolerable daily or weekly intake (TDI or TWI) or tolerable upper intake level (UL), or a margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated. The P95 intake of cadmium and zinc exceeded the TWI or UL, respectively, and the P95 intake of inorganic arsenic and lead resulted in low MOEs. Food subgroups contributing most to the intake were “potatoes” for cadmium, “milk and milk-based beverages” for zinc, “concentrated fruit juices” and “rice” for inorganic arsenic, and “candies” for lead. For inorganic mercury, it could not be established if the intake was (too) high. P95 intake estimates of the other elements for which a risk characterisation could be performed were below the health-based guidance values. It was noted that the P50 intake estimate of manganese was a factor of 3 higher than the adequate intake level. Due to the absence of a UL, it is not clear if this intake is of concern.
AB - In 2017, a total diet study (TDS) was conducted in the Netherlands to determine the intake of elements by 1- and 2-year-old children. Concentrations of 47 elements were analysed and long-term dietary intake was calculated for 24 elements. The 95th percentile (P95) intake estimates were compared with a tolerable daily or weekly intake (TDI or TWI) or tolerable upper intake level (UL), or a margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated. The P95 intake of cadmium and zinc exceeded the TWI or UL, respectively, and the P95 intake of inorganic arsenic and lead resulted in low MOEs. Food subgroups contributing most to the intake were “potatoes” for cadmium, “milk and milk-based beverages” for zinc, “concentrated fruit juices” and “rice” for inorganic arsenic, and “candies” for lead. For inorganic mercury, it could not be established if the intake was (too) high. P95 intake estimates of the other elements for which a risk characterisation could be performed were below the health-based guidance values. It was noted that the P50 intake estimate of manganese was a factor of 3 higher than the adequate intake level. Due to the absence of a UL, it is not clear if this intake is of concern.
KW - Children
KW - Dietary intake
KW - Elements
KW - Metals
KW - Risk characterisation
KW - The Netherlands
KW - Total diet study
U2 - 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112810
DO - 10.1016/j.fct.2022.112810
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85122671309
SN - 0278-6915
VL - 161
JO - Food and Chemical Toxicology
JF - Food and Chemical Toxicology
M1 - 112810
ER -