Detection of early infection of swine vesicular disease virus in porcine cells and skin sections. A comparison of immunohistochemistry and in-situ hybridization

Sensitive methods are required to study the early pathogenesis of swine vesicular diseases (SVD). Therefore, two new methods, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in-situ hybridization (ISH), were developed and tested for their specificity and sensitivity. With these methods the SVD virus (SVDV) infection in cytospins of primary porcine kidney cells and in frozen skin sections was investigated. Both IHC and the ISH showed a specific cytoplasmic staining, but the IHC detected more infected cells than the ISH. Furthermore, both IHC and ISH were able to detect SVDV in skin sections 4.5 h after infection. It is concluded that IHC is the most suitable and simplest method to identify cells and tissues that support the initial replication of swine vesicular disease virus. However, IHC can only be applied to frozen sections, whereas ISH can also be used in paraformaldehyde-fixed tissues.