Costs and benefits of iridoid glycosides in multitrophic systems

Agriculture & Biology

• iridoid glycosides 100%
• herbivores 38%
• oviposition 29%
• parasitoids 19%
• chemical defenses 16%
• Plantago lanceolata 15%
• aucubin 15%
• Chrysodeixis chalcites 10%
• Athalia 10%
• endoparasitoids 10%
• natural enemies 7%
• Spodoptera exigua 7%
• Hyposoter didymator 7%
• parasitism 6%
• allelochemicals 6%
• cages 6%
• Junonia coenia 6%
• trophic levels 6%
• instars 6%
• host plants 6%
• catalpol 6%
• larvae 5%
• regrowth 4%
• defoliation 4%
• meadows 4%
• butterflies 3%
• Veronica spicata 3%
• Veronica chamaedrys 3%
• tissues 3%
• biological control 3%
• Cotesia 2%
• hyperparasitoids 2%
• phagostimulants 2%
• geology 2%
• nutrients 2%
• wild relatives 2%
• chemical compounds 2%
• synergism 2%
• food plants 2%
• food chain 2%
• aboveground biomass 1%
• Finland 1%
• defense mechanisms 1%
• habitat preferences 1%
• profits and margins 1%
• land use 1%
• host range 1%
• hemolymph 1%
• pupae 1%
• exposure duration 1%
• chemistry 1%
• insect larvae 1%
• root growth 1%
• flight 1%
• predation 1%
• vegetation 1%
• predators 1%
• prediction 1%
• environmental factors 1%
• shoots 1%
• genetic variation 1%
• genotype 1%
• eggs 1%
• pathogens 1%
• habitats 1%
• crops 1%
• leaves 0%