Comparison of Cosine, Modified Cosine, and Neutral Loss Based Spectrum Alignment for Discovery of Structurally Related Molecules

Spectrum alignment of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) data using the modified cosine similarity and subsequent visualization as molecular networks have been demonstrated to be a useful strategy to discover analogs of molecules from untargeted MS/MS-based metabolomics experiments. Recently, a neutral loss matching approach has been introduced as an alternative to MS/MS-based molecular networking with an implied performance advantage in finding analogs that cannot be discovered using existing MS/MS spectrum alignment strategies. To comprehensively evaluate the scoring properties of neutral loss matching, the cosine similarity, and the modified cosine similarity, similarity measures of 955 228 peptide MS/MS spectrum pairs and 10 million small molecule MS/MS spectrum pairs were compared. This comparative analysis revealed that the modified cosine similarity outperformed neutral loss matching and the cosine similarity in all cases. The data further indicated that the performance of MS/MS spectrum alignment depends on the location and type of the modification, as well as the chemical compound class of fragmented molecules.