TY - CHAP
T1 - Bioavailability of Xenobiotics in the Soil Environment
AU - Katayama, A.
AU - Bhula, R.
AU - Burns, G.R.
AU - Carazo, E.
AU - Felsot, A.
AU - Hamilton, D.
AU - Harris, C.
AU - Kim, Y.H.
AU - Kleter, G.A.
AU - Koedel, W.
AU - Linders, J.
AU - Peijnenburg, J.G.M.W.
AU - Sabljic, A.
AU - Stephenson, R.G.
AU - Racke, D.K.
AU - Rubin, B.
AU - Tanaka, K.
AU - Unsworth, J.
AU - Wauchope, R.D.
N1 - ISI Document Delivery No.: BMP06 Times Cited: 10 Cited Reference Count: 396 Katayama, Arata Bhula, Raj Burns, G. Richard Carazo, Elizabeth Felsot, Allan Hamilton, Denis Harris, Caroline Kim, Yong-Hwa Kleter, Gijs Koedel, Werner Linders, Jan Peijnenburg, J. G. M. Willie Sabljic, Aleksandar Stephenson, R. Gerald Racke, D. Kenneth Rubin, Baruch Tanaka, Keiji Unsworth, John Wauchope, R. Donald Review 233 spring street, new york, ny 10013, united states
PY - 2010
Y1 - 2010
N2 - When synthetic, xenobiotic compounds such as agrochemicals and industrial chemicals are utilized, they eventually reach the soil environment where they are subject to degradation, leaching, volatilization, sorption, and uptake by organisms. The simplest assumption is that such chemicals in soil are totally available to microorganisms, plant roots, and soil fauna via direct, contact exposure; subsequently these organisms are consumed as part of food web processes and bioaccumulation may occur, increasing exposures to higher organisms up the food chain. However, studies in the last two decades have revealed that chemical residues in the environment are not completely bioavailable, so that their uptake by biota is less than the total amount present in soil (Alexander 1995; Gevao et al. 2003; Paine et al. 1996). Therefore, the toxicity, biodegradability, and efficacy of xenobiotics are dependent on their soil bioavailability, rendering this concept profoundly important to chemical risk assessment and pesticide registration.
AB - When synthetic, xenobiotic compounds such as agrochemicals and industrial chemicals are utilized, they eventually reach the soil environment where they are subject to degradation, leaching, volatilization, sorption, and uptake by organisms. The simplest assumption is that such chemicals in soil are totally available to microorganisms, plant roots, and soil fauna via direct, contact exposure; subsequently these organisms are consumed as part of food web processes and bioaccumulation may occur, increasing exposures to higher organisms up the food chain. However, studies in the last two decades have revealed that chemical residues in the environment are not completely bioavailable, so that their uptake by biota is less than the total amount present in soil (Alexander 1995; Gevao et al. 2003; Paine et al. 1996). Therefore, the toxicity, biodegradability, and efficacy of xenobiotics are dependent on their soil bioavailability, rendering this concept profoundly important to chemical risk assessment and pesticide registration.
KW - polycyclic aromatic-hydrocarbons
KW - supercritical-fluid extraction
KW - bound pesticide-residues
KW - field-moist soils
KW - artificially contaminated soils
KW - persistent organic pollutants
KW - earthworms eisenia-foetida
KW - carbon-dioxide extraction
KW - bacterial outer-membrane
U2 - 10.1007/978-1-4419-1352-4_1
DO - 10.1007/978-1-4419-1352-4_1
M3 - Chapter
SN - 9781441913517
SP - 1
EP - 86
BT - Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 203
A2 - Whitacre, D.M.
PB - Springer
CY - New York
ER -
