Adulterants and contaminants in herbal supplements sold in Accra (Ghana), for improved sexual performance and their associated health risks

Agriculture & Biology

• adulterants 100%
• Ghana 85%
• herbal medicines 84%
• bioassays 59%
• average daily intake 55%
• pyrrolizidine alkaloids 55%
• polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 39%
• dibenzofuran 35%
• polychlorinated dibenzodioxins 33%
• agonists 30%
• hydrocarbons 30%
• chemical analysis 24%
• oxides 22%
• receptors 22%
• raw materials 20%
• dioxins 20%
• sampling 20%
• markets 16%
• riddelliine 16%
• silica 16%
• enzyme activity 16%
• tandem mass spectrometry 15%
• icariin 13%
• active pharmaceutical ingredients 12%
• liver neoplasms 10%
• adulterated products 10%
• enzyme inhibitors 9%
• acids 9%
• dosage 8%
• liquid chromatography 8%
• purity 7%
• mechanism of action 7%
• mass spectrometry 6%
• ingredients 6%
• weeds 6%
• death 6%
• drugs 5%
• industry 5%
• body weight 5%
• rats 4%
• animals 3%