A large-scale passage evaluation for multiple fish species: Lessons from 82 fishways in lowland rivers and brooks

River networks worldwide are highly fragmented and this is particularly prevalent in the human-dominated lowland landscape of the Netherlands. Fishways function as measures to facilitate passage alongside barriers for fish communities and have been evaluated mostly in single case studies. We 82 fishways with data of fish observed in adjacent water stretches, conducting the first nationwide study on native species recorded in fishways’ surroundings used fishways, while per fishway the median was 59% related to a variety of factors (fish behaviour, fishway type, monitoring design). The species using fishways most frequently were perch Perca fluviatilis (71/78 of fishways present), roach Rutilus rutilus (70/79) and gudgeon Gobio gobio (68/77). Logistic regression models showed the effect of monitoring duration and timing in detecting specific fish species ascending fishways. This large-scale analysis highlights the need to consider all native fish species during the design and monitoring of fishways. The obtained information from this study can be used by water managers for improving monitoring schemes and river connectivity which is an essential component for achieving the European Water Framework Directive goals.