My project aims to assess the policy impact from emission and health views and explore the population factors that challenge the energy transition process in rural China, like household ageing trends and the changes in household employment decisions. In this project, I hope to provide some causal evidence to clarify relationships between the household energy transition, air pollution and residents’ health from an economic view by employing causal inference methodologies. Furthermore, I hope to explore the factors that influence the rural energy transition process from a social and provide some policy implications for the energy transition in developing countries.