Potential sustainable (renewable-based) energy mixes for urban use in Java and Bali island, Indonesia

Indonesia has abundant renewable resources for energy generation, yet this country is still dependent on fossil fuels with a share of 91.7% in the primary energy supply. The potential of all available renewables in this archipelago country reaches 430.9 GW. The installed capacity, however, is still insignificant at only 6.8 GW. With that installed capacity, the renewable energy share in 2018 was around 8.3%, but the target is 23% in 2025 and 31% in 2030. These goals seem still to be far away, but given the potential that this country has, meeting these goals is possible. Besides, the electrification ratio of this country is around 99,2%. That means there are certain populated areas that do not have any access to the electricity grid. In this study, we hypothesize that autonomous, off-grid systems, ranging from houses to neighborhoods play a pivotal role in areas without electricity. Therefore, this research will investigate, model, and design both sustainable energy mixes based on renewables available in Indonesia and off-grid power systems for areas without electricity. The energy demand will be derived from the demand in urban areas for three major purposes, namely electricity, cooking, and transport. in order to quantify the appropriateness of energy mixes and support the design of autonomous, off-grid systems, key performance indicators in terms of technical performance, economics, environmental impacts, and infrastructure will be defined and evaluated by dynamic, spatially distributed mathematical models.