Marine Protected Area Preservation: Exploration of Water System Improvement in Coastal Tourism Destination for Coral Reef’s Resilience

Marine Protected Area (MPA) contributes to maintaining the essential ecosystem services that support human well-being, such as fisheries, coastal protection, and tourism activities that provide positive economic benefits to society. As the core element of MPA, coral reefs, home to the biodiversity of marine habitats, are currently under threat by the local stressors caused by coastal tourism activities, and one of the considerable stressors is wastewater. As the largest hotspot of global marine biodiversity, Indonesia is the place for more than 52% of the world's coral fish species, and about 2/3 of the world's coral lie along its coast. However, coastal development in Indonesia is unstoppable and causes a critical threat to MPA biodiversity through wastewater. Therefore, exploring potential improvements of the water system in the coastal destination is fundamental as a strategy to preserve coral reefs in the wealthiest spot of the world's coral reefs.