Antibiotics in the tropical multi-functional reservoir: exploring its occurrence, sources, and impact on reservoir services

Reservoirs or artificial lakes, provide a wide range of services. Adapted from Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, the reservoir services are classified into provisioning services related to economic goods, regulating services, cultural and supporting services. The benefits generated by the reservoir are potentially threatened by antibiotic presence. Due to the anthropogenic activity in the surrounding area and inside of reservoirs various antibiotics were detected in reservoirs worldwide with ng/L and ng/g levels both in water and sediments. Due to the low concentrations found, the impact of antibiotics presence particularly at drinking water reservoir to the human health as well as in fish were negligible. However, their lowest concentration found may pose a threat to the other services provided by the reservoir. Several research have been found that residual antibiotics found in the reservoir may have a detrimental effect on algae and end up causing eutrophication. Furthermore, the prolonged antibiotics application in aquaculture may potentially develop antimicrobial resistance (AMR) which may causing the other problems related to reservoir service-related water usage. Unfortunately, the impacts of antibiotics on the provisioning services to human health as beneficiaries such as aquaculture productivity, irrigation and drinking water has not been the focus of previous studies. Exploring the state and source of antibiotics in a multi-source pollutant reservoir is an essential first step towards understanding the impact of antibiotics on the reservoir services and the interventions required for reducing the impact. Several studies have reported the link between nutrient and chemical pollutants to the loss of services provided by inland water. More specific, a framework for assessing the loss of services provided by reservoir using the exposure data of organism to pesticide has developed. The impact of antibiotics presence on organism level especially in aquatic ecosystem living on the reservoir have been investigated in many works. However, the link between antibiotics presence on services provided by reservoir is relatively unknown. Indeed, this is more challenging for the region where the type, pattern, and utilization of antibiotics are not well reported especially for multiple source pollutant reservoir where the massive number of floating net cages are located. The objective of this project is to Increase understanding on the state and source of antibiotics presence in multiple source pollutant reservoir with massive number of aquaculture in particular and the link between antibiotics presence on services provided by reservoir. To this end, several measurement will be perform including (1) measure antibiotics in Cirata reservoir and evaluating the risk; (2) evaluate relative sources of the antibiotics in the Cirata reservoir; (3) develop framework to evaluate the impact on antibiotics on the reservoir services related to provisioning services; and (4) develop potential interventions to reduce the impacts of antibiotics to the services provided by Cirata reservoir.