This PhD thesis contributes to understanding the key factors that shape productivity, the level of TE and income of rural Tanzania, and their implications for rural household food and nutrition security. The analysis employed mixed methods to answer important research questions that arise from specific objectives. In the individual chapters, I assessed the impacts of land title on productivity; the nexus between crop diversity, market access, and dietary diversity at an individual and household level; quality differences in modern seeds on productivity and TE; and off-farm employment on household food and nutritional security.The assessment of these relationships may hold policy implications for improving rural household food and nutritional security.