Non-invasive continuous real-time in vivo analysis of microbial hydrogen production shows adaptation to fermentable carbohydrates in mice

The gut microbiome interacts continuously with the host and its diet. Studying these interactions and their evolution in vivo as soon as they happen have been impossible. Here we develop a method to study microbiota-host-diet interactions continuously, non-invasively, and in real time, by measuring hydrogen (H2) and methane (CH4) production in mice housed in indirect calorimetry chambers.